<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html
     PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
  <title>Causative and Passive Forms - Tae Kim's Japanese grammar guide</title>
  <meta name="Author" content="Tae Kim" />
  <meta name="Description" content="A guide to Japanese grammar." />
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />

  <style type="text/css">
     @import url('style.css');
  </style>

    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="print.css" media="print" />

</head>

<body>
<h1>Cause to be Passive</h1>

<table align="right" cellpadding="3">
<tr align="center">
	<td>
		<a href="specialexp.html">← Previous (Special Expressions)</a> |
	</td>
	<td>
		<a href="index.html#contents">Table of Contents</a>
	</td>
	<td>
		| <a href="honorhum.html">Next (Honorific and Humble) →</a>
	</td>
</tr>
</table>

<br /><br /><br />

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td>
<div class="outline">
<!-- outline menu -->
<center><span class="summary">Outline</span></center>
<ol>
<li><a href="#part1">Causative and Passive Verbs</a></li>
<li><a href="#part2">Causative Verbs</a></li>
<li><a href="#part3">Passive Verbs</a></li>
<li><a href="#part4">Using passive form to show politeness</a></li>
<li><a href="#part5">Causative-Passive Forms</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
</td></tr>
</table>

<h2 id="part1">Causative and Passive Verbs</h2>
We will now learn the last two major types of verb conjugations: causative and passive forms.  While there are many reason to put this in the
Essential Grammar section, I have decided to put it as the first lesson of this section because: 1) The essential grammar section
was getting really big, 2)
Causative and passive forms are not as commonly used as other verb forms.  These two verb conjugations are traditionally covered together
because of the notorious causative-passive combination.  We will now go over what all these things are and how they are used.

<h2 id="part2">Causative Verbs</h2>
Verbs conjugated into the causative form are used to indicate an action that someone makes happen.  Like Captain Picard so succinctly puts it,
the causative verb means to "make it so".  This verb is usually used in the context of making somebody do something.  The really confusing thing
about the causative verb is that it can also mean to <i>let</i> someone do something.  Or maybe this is a different type of verb with the exact same
conjugation rules.  Whichever the case may be, a verb in the causative form can mean either making or letting someone do
something.  The only good news is that when the causative form is used with 「<span title="あげる - to give, to raise" class="popup">あげる</span>」
and 「<span title="くれる - to give" class="popup">くれる</span>」, it almost always means to
"let someone do". Once you get used to it, surprisingly, it becomes quite clear which meaning is being used when.

<p>（１）　<span title="ぜんぶ - all" class="popup">全部</span><em><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べさせた</span></em>。- <em>Made/Let</em> (someone) eat it all.
<br />（２）　<span title="ぜんぶ - all" class="popup">全部</span><em><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べさせて</span><span title="くれる - to give" class="popup">くれた</span></em>。- <em>Let </em>(someone) eat it all.
</p>




<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Causative Conjugation Rules</span>
<br />Here are the conjugation rules for the causative form.  All causative verbs become ru-verbs.
<ul>
<li><b>ru-verbs</b> - Remove the 「る」 and add 「させる」.</li>
<li><b>u-verbs</b> - Change the last character as you would for <a href="negverb.html#part2">negative verbs</a> but attach 「せる」
instead of 「ない」.</li>
<li><b>Exception Verbs</b> - 「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」 becomes 「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">させる</span>」 and 「<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">くる</span>」 becomes 「<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">こさせる</span>」.</li>
</ul>
</div>

<center>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<caption>Sample ru-verbs</caption>
<tr align="center"><th>Plain</th><th>Causative</th></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べ<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べ<em>させる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="きる - to wear" class="popup">着<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="きる - to wear" class="popup">着<em>させる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="しんじる - to believe" class="popup">信じ<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="しんじる - to believe" class="popup">信じ<em>させる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="ねる - to sleep" class="popup">寝<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="ねる - to sleep" class="popup">寝<em>させる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="おきる - to get up" class="popup">起き<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="おきる - to get up" class="popup">起き<em>させる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="でる - to come out" class="popup">出<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="でる - to come out" class="popup">出<em>させる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="かける - to hang" class="popup">掛け<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="かける - to hang" class="popup">掛け<em>させる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="すてる - to throw away" class="popup">捨て<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="すてる - to throw away" class="popup">捨て<em>させる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="しらべる - to investigate" class="popup">調べ<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="しらべる - to investigate" class="popup">調べ<em>させる</em></span></td></tr>

</table>
</td>

<td rowspan="2">
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</td>

<td>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<caption>Sample u-verbs</caption>
<tr align="center"><th>Plain</th><th>Causative</th>
<th>ローマ字</th><th>ローマ字 (Caus.)</th></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="はなす - to speak" class="popup">話<em>す</em></span></td><td><span title="はなす - to speak" class="popup">話<em>させる</em></span></td>
<td>hanas<em>u</em></td><td>hanas<em>aseru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="きく - to hear, to ask" class="popup">聞<em>く</em></span></td><td><span title="きく - to hear, to ask" class="popup">聞<em>かせる</em></span></td>
<td>kik<em>u</em></td><td>kik<em>aseru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="およぐ - to swim" class="popup">泳<em>ぐ</em></span></td><td><span title="およぐ - to swim" class="popup">泳<em>がせる</em></span></td>
<td>oyog<em>u</em></td><td>oyog<em>aseru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="あそぶ - to play" class="popup">遊<em>ぶ</em></span></td><td><span title="あそぶ - to play" class="popup">遊<em>ばせる</em></span></td>
<td>asob<em>u</em></td><td>asob<em>aseru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="まつ - to wait" class="popup">待<em>つ</em></span></td><td><span title="まつ - to wait" class="popup">待<em>たせる</em></span></td>
<td>mat<em>u</em></td><td>mat<em>aseru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲<em>む</em></span></td><td><span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲<em>ませる</em></span></td>
<td>nom<em>u</em></td><td>nom<em>aseru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="なおる - to be fixed" class="popup">直<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="なおる - to be fixed" class="popup">直<em>らせる</em></span></td>
<td>naor<em>u</em></td><td>naor<em>aseru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="しぬ - to die" class="popup">死<em>ぬ</em></span></td><td><span title="しぬ - to die" class="popup">死<em>なせる</em></span></td>
<td>shin<em>u</em></td><td>shin<em>aseru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="かう - to buy" class="popup">買<em>う</em></span></td><td><span title="かう - to buy" class="popup">買<em><u></u>わせる</em></span></td>
<td>ka<em>u</em></td><td>ka<em>waseru</em></td></tr>
</table>
</td>

<td rowspan="2">
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</td>

<td valign="top">
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<caption>Exception Verbs</caption>
<tr align="center"><th>Positive</th><th>Causative</th></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span></td><td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">させる</span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="くる - to come" class="popup">くる</span></td><td><span title="くる - to come" class="popup">こさせる</span></td></tr>

</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>

<h3>Examples</h3>
Here are some examples using the causative verb.  Context will usually tell you which is being meant, but for our purposes
we will assume that when the verb is used with 「<span title="あげる - to give, to raise" class="popup">あげる</span>」 and 「<span title="くれる - to give" class="popup">くれる</span>」（<span title="ください - please give, please do" class="popup">ください</span>） it means "to <u>let</u> someone do"
while it means, "to <u>make</u> someone do" when used without it.

<p>
（１）　<span title="せんせい - teacher" class="popup">先生</span>が<span title="がくせい - student" class="popup">学生</span>に<span title="しゅくだい - homework" class="popup">宿題</span>を<span title="たくさん - a lot" class="popup">たくさん</span><em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">させた</span></em>。
<br />- Teacher made students do lots of homework.
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="せんせい - teacher" class="popup">先生</span>が<span title="しつもん - question" class="popup">質問</span>を<span title="たくさん - a lot" class="popup">たくさん</span><em><span title="きく - to hear, to ask" class="popup">聞かせて</span><span title="くれる - to give" class="popup">くれた</span></em>。
<br />- Teacher let [someone] ask lots of questions.
</p>

<p>
（３）　<span title="きょう - today" class="popup">今日</span>は<span title="しごと - work" class="popup">仕事</span>を<em><span title="やすむ - to rest" class="popup">休ませて</span><span title="ください - please give, please do" class="popup">ください</span></em>。
<br />- Please let me rest from work today. (Please let me take the day off today.)
</p>
<p>
（４）　<span title="その - that" class="popup">その</span><span title="ぶちょう - section manager" class="popup">部長</span>は、<span title="いい - good" class="popup">よく</span><span title="ちょうじかん - long period of time" class="popup">長時間</span><em><span title="はたらく - to work" class="popup">働かせる</span></em>。
<br />- That manager often make [people] work long hours.
</p>

<p>When asking for permission to let someone do something, it is more common to use the <a href="haveto.html#part5">「～ても<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>」 grammar</a>.
</p>

<p>
（１）　<span title="トイレ - bathroom" class="popup">トイレ</span>に<em><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かせて</span><span title="くれる - to give" class="popup">くれます</span></em>か。
<br />- Can you let me go to the bathroom? (Sounds like a prisoner, even in English)
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="トイレ - bathroom" class="popup">トイレ</span>に<em><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行って</span>も<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span></em>ですか。
<br />- Is it ok to go to the bathroom? (No problem here)
</p>


<h3>A Shorter Alternative</h3>
There is a shorter version of the causative conjugation, which I will go over for completeness. However, since this version is mostly used in very rough slang,
you are free to skip this section until you've had time to get used to the regular form. Also, textbooks usually don't cover this version of the causative verb.

<p>
The key difference in this version is that all verbs become an u-verbs with a 「す」 ending. Therefore, the resulting verb would conjugate just like any other u-verb ending
in 「す」 such as 「<span title="はなす - to talk" class="popup">話す</span>」 or 「<span title="さす - to point" class="popup">指す</span>」.
The first part of the conjugation is the same as the original causative form. However, for ru-verbs,  instead of attaching 「させる」, you attach 「さす」 and for u-verbs,
you attach 「す」 instead of 「せる」. As a result, all the verbs become an u-verb ending in 「す」.
</p>

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Shortened Causative Form</span>
<ul>
<li>This form is rarely used so you may just want to stick with the more traditional version of the causative form.
<ul>
<li><b>ru-verbs</b> - Remove the 「る」 and add 「さす」.
<ul><li>例）　<span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べ<em><strike>る</strike></em></span> → <span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べ<em>さす</em></span></li></ul></li>
<li><b>u-verbs</b> - Change the last character as you would for <a href="negverb.html#part2">negative verbs</a> but attach 「す」 instead of 「ない」.
<ul><li>例）　<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行<em><strike>く</strike></em></span> → <span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行<em>か</em></span> → <span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行か<em>す</em></span></li></ul></li>
<li><b>Exception Verbs</b> - 「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」 becomes 「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">さす</span>」 and 「<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">くる</span>」 becomes 「<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">こさす</span>」.</li>
</ul>
</li>

</ul>
</div>


<h3>Examples</h3>
<p>（１）　<span title="おなじ - same" class="popup">同じ</span><span title="こと - event, matter" class="popup">こと</span>を<span title="なんかい - number of times" class="popup">何回</span>も<em><span title="いう - to say" class="popup">言わす</span>な</em>！
<br />- Don't make me say the same thing again and again!
</p>
<p>
（２）　<span title="おなか - stomach" class="popup">お腹</span><span title="あく - to become empty" class="popup">空いている</span>んだから、<span title="なんか - something" class="popup">なんか</span><em><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べさして</span></em><span title="くれる - to give" class="popup">くれ</span>よ。
<br />- I'm hungry so let me eat something.
</p>

<h2 id="part3">Passive Verbs</h2>
Passive verbs are verbs that are done to the (passive) subject.  Unlike English style of writing which discourages the use of the passive form, passive
verbs in Japanese are often used in essays and articles.

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Passive Conjugation Rules</span>
<br />For once, the conjugations rules are same for both ru-verbs and u-verbs. All passive verbs become ru-verbs.
<ul>
<li><b>ru-verbs and u-verbs</b> - Change the last character from an / u / vowel sound to an / a / vowel sound and add 「れる」.
</li>
<li><b>Exception Verbs</b> - 「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」 becomes 「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">される</span>」 and 「<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">くる</span>」 becomes 「<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">こられる</span>」.</li>
</ul>
</div>

<p />
<center>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<caption>Sample ru-verbs</caption>
<tr align="center"><th>Plain</th><th>Passive</th></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べ<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べ<em>られる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="きる - to wear" class="popup">着<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="きる - to wear" class="popup">着<em>られる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="しんじる - to believe" class="popup">信じ<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="しんじる - to believe" class="popup">信じ<em>られる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="ねる - to sleep" class="popup">寝<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="ねる - to sleep" class="popup">寝<em>られる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="おきる - to get up" class="popup">起き<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="おきる - to get up" class="popup">起き<em>られる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="でる - to come out" class="popup">出<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="でる - to come out" class="popup">出<em>られる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="かける - to hang" class="popup">掛け<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="かける - to hang" class="popup">掛け<em>られる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="すてる - to throw away" class="popup">捨て<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="すてる - to throw away" class="popup">捨て<em>られる</em></span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="しらべる - to investigate" class="popup">調べ<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="しらべる - to investigate" class="popup">調べ<em>られる</em></span></td></tr>

</table>
</td>

<td rowspan="2">
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</td>

<td>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<caption>Sample u-verbs</caption>
<tr align="center"><th>Plain</th><th>Passive</th>
<th>ローマ字</th><th>ローマ字 (Pass.)</th></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="はなす - to speak" class="popup">話<em>す</em></span></td><td><span title="はなす - to speak" class="popup">話<em>される</em></span></td>
<td>hanas<em>u</em></td><td>hanas<em>areru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="きく - to hear, to ask" class="popup">聞<em>く</em></span></td><td><span title="きく - to hear, to ask" class="popup">聞<em>かれる</em></span></td>
<td>kik<em>u</em></td><td>kik<em>areru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="およぐ - to swim" class="popup">泳<em>ぐ</em></span></td><td><span title="およぐ - to swim" class="popup">泳<em>がれる</em></span></td>
<td>oyog<em>u</em></td><td>oyog<em>areru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="あそぶ - to play" class="popup">遊<em>ぶ</em></span></td><td><span title="あそぶ - to play" class="popup">遊<em>ばれる</em></span></td>
<td>asob<em>u</em></td><td>asob<em>areru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="まつ - to wait" class="popup">待<em>つ</em></span></td><td><span title="まつ - to wait" class="popup">待<em>たれる</em></span></td>
<td>mat<em>u</em></td><td>mat<em>areru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲<em>む</em></span></td><td><span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲<em>まれる</em></span></td>
<td>nom<em>u</em></td><td>nom<em>areru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="なおる - to be fixed" class="popup">直<em>る</em></span></td><td><span title="なおる - to be fixed" class="popup">直<em>られる</em></span></td>
<td>naor<em>u</em></td><td>naor<em>areru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="しぬ - to die" class="popup">死<em>ぬ</em></span></td><td><span title="しぬ - to die" class="popup">死<em>なれる</em></span></td>
<td>shin<em>u</em></td><td>shin<em>areru</em></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="かう - to buy" class="popup">買<em>う</em></span></td><td><span title="かう - to buy" class="popup">買<em><u></u>われる</em></span></td>
<td>ka<em>u</em></td><td>ka<em>wareru</em></td></tr>
</table>
</td>

<td rowspan="2">
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</td>


<td valign="top">
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<caption>Exception Verbs</caption>
<tr align="center"><th>Positive</th><th>Passive</th></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span></td><td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">される</span></td></tr>

<tr align="center"><td><span title="くる - to come" class="popup">くる</span></td><td><span title="くる - to come" class="popup">こられる</span></td></tr>

</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>


<h3>Examples</h3>

<p>（１）　<span title="ポリッジ - porridge" class="popup">ポリッジ</span>が<span title="だれか - somebody" class="popup">誰か</span>に<em><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べられた</span></em>！
<br />- The porridge was eaten by somebody!
</p>

<p>（２）　<span title="みんな - everybody" class="popup">みんな</span>に<span title="へん - strange" class="popup">変</span>だと<em><span title="いう - to say" class="popup">言われます</span></em>。
<br />- I am told by everybody that [I'm] strange.
</p>

<p>（３）　<span title="ひかり - light" class="popup">光</span>の<span title="はやさ - speed" class="popup">速さ</span>を<span title="こえる - to exceed" class="popup">超える</span>のは、<span title="ふかのう - impossible" class="popup">不可能</span>だと<em><span title="おもう - to think" class="popup">思われる</span></em>。
<br />- Exceeding the speed of light is thought to be impossible.
</p>

<p>（４）　<span title="この - this" class="popup">この</span><span title="きょうかしょ - textbook" class="popup">教科書</span>は<span title="おおく - many, large number" class="popup">多く</span>の<span title="ひと - person" class="popup">人</span>に<em><span title="よむ - to read" class="popup">読まれている</span></em>。
<br />- This textbook is being read by a large number of people.
</p>

<p>（５）　<span title="がいこくじん - foreigner" class="popup">外国人</span>に<span title="しつもん - question" class="popup">質問</span>を<em><span title="きく - to hear, to ask" class="popup">聞かれた</span></em>が、<span title="こたえる - to answer" class="popup">答えられなかった</span>。
<br />- I was asked a question by a foreigner but I couldn't answer.
</p>

<p>（６）　<span title="この - this" class="popup">この</span><span title="パッケージ - package" class="popup">パッケージ</span>には、<span title="あらゆる - all" class="popup">あらゆる</span><span title="もの - object" class="popup">ものが</span><em><span title="ふくむ - to include" class="popup">含まれている</span>。</em>
<br />- Everything is included in this package.
</p>

<h2 id="part4">Using passive form to show politeness</h2>
While we will go over various types of grammar that express a politeness level above the normal -masu/-desu forms in the next lesson,
it is useful to know that using passive form is another more polite way to express an action.  In Japanese, a sentence is usually more polite when
it is less direct.  For example, it is more polite to refer to someone by his or her name and not by the direct pronoun "you".  It is also more polite to ask
a negative question than a positive one.  (For example, 「しますか？」 vs. 「 しませんか？」)  In a similar sense, using the passive form makes
the sentence less direct because the subject does not directly perform the action.  This makes it sound more polite.
Here is the same sentence in increasing degrees of politeness.

<p>（１）　<span title="どう - how" class="popup">どう</span><em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span></em>？- What will you do? (lit: How do?)
<br />（２）　<span title="どう - how" class="popup">どう</span><em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">します</span>か</em>？ - Regular polite.
<br />（３）　<span title="どう - how" class="popup">どう</span><em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">されます</span>か</em>？- Passive polite.
<br />（４）　<span title="どう - how" class="popup">どう</span><em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">なさいます</span>か</em>？- Honorific (to be covered next lesson)
<br />（５）　<span title="どう - how" class="popup">どう</span><em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">なさいます</span>でしょうか</em>？- Honorific + a lesser degree of certainty.
<br />Notice how the same sentence grows longer and longer as you get more and more indirect.
</p>

<h3>Examples</h3>
<p>
（１）　<span title="レシート - receipt" class="popup">レシート</span>は<span title="どう - how" class="popup">どう</span><em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">されます</span></em>か？
<br />- What about your receipt? (lit: How will you do receipt?)
</p>
<p>
（２）　<span title="あした - tomorrow" class="popup">明日</span>の<span title="かいぎ - meeting" class="popup">会議</span>に<em><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かれる</span></em>んですか？
<br />- Are you going to tomorrow's meeting?
</p>

<h2 id="part5">Causative-Passive Forms</h2>
The causative-passive form is simply the combination of causative and passive conjugations to mean that the action of making someone do
something was done to that person.  This would effectively translate into, "[someone] is made to do [something]".
The important thing to remember is the order of conjugation.  The verb is first conjugated to the causative
and then passive, never the other way around.

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Causative-Passive Conjugation Form</span>
<ul>
<li>The causative-passive verb is formed by first conjugating to the causative form and then by conjugating the result to the passive form.
<br />例）　<span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べ<em><strike>る</strike></em></span> → <span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べ<em>させ<strike>る</strike></em></span> → <span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べさせ<em>られる</em></span>
<br />例）　<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行<em><strike>く</strike></em></span> → <span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行<em>かせ<strike>る</strike></em></span> → <span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かせ<em>られる</em></span>
</li>

</ul>
</div>

<h3>Examples</h3>
<p>（１）　<span title="あさごはん - breakfast" class="popup">朝ご飯</span>は<span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べたくなかった</span>のに、<em><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べさせられた</span></em>。
<br />- Despite not wanting to eat breakfast, I <em>was made to eat</em> it.
</p>
<p>
（２）　<span title="にほん - Japan" class="popup">日本</span>では、<span title="おさけ - alcohol" class="popup">お酒</span>を<em><span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲ませられる</span></em><span title="こと - event, matter" class="popup">こと</span>が<span title="おおい - many" class="popup">多い</span>。
<br />- In Japan, the event of <em>being made to drink</em> is numerous.
</p>
<p>
（３）　<span title="あいつ - that guy (colloquial)" class="popup">あいつ</span>に<span title="にじかん - two hours" class="popup">二時間</span>も<em><span title="まつ - to wait" class="popup">待たせられた</span></em>。
<br />- I <em>was made to wait</em> 2 hours by that guy.
</p>
<p>（４）　<span title="おや - parent(s)" class="popup">親</span>に<span title="まいにち - every day" class="popup">毎日</span><span title="しゅくだい - homework" class="popup">宿題</span>を<em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">させられる</span></em>。
<br />- I <em>am made to do homework</em> everyday by my parent(s).
</p>

<h3>A Shorter Alternative</h3>
Going along with the shorter causative alternative, you can also use the same conjugation for the causative-passive form. I won't cover it in too much detail because
the usefulness of this form is rather limited just like the shorter causative form itself.
The idea is to simply used the shortened causative form instead of using the regular causative conjugation. The rest is the same as before. This form is normally used with only a limited
set of verbs so here are a few examples to show you what this form looks like.

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Shortened causative-passive form examples</span>
<ul>
<li>First conjugate to the shortened causative form. Then conjugate to the passive form.
<br />例）　<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行<em><strike>く</strike></em></span> → <span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行<em>か</em></span> → <span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行か<em>す</em></span> → <span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行か<em>された</em></span>
<br />例）　<span title="たつ - to stand" class="popup">立<em><strike>つ</strike></em></span> → <span title="たつ - to stand" class="popup">立<em>た</em></span> → <span title="たつ - to stand" class="popup">立た<em>す</em></span> → <span title="たつ - to stand" class="popup">立た<em>された</em></span>
</li>

</ul>
</div>


<h3>Examples</h3>
<p>（１）　<span title="がくせい - student" class="popup">学生</span>が<span title="ろうか - hall, corridor" class="popup">廊下</span>に<em><span title="たつ - to stand" class="popup">立たされた</span></em>。
<br />- The student <em>was made to stand</em> in the hall.
</p>
<p>
（２）　<span title="にほん - Japan" class="popup">日本</span>では、<span title="おさけ - alcohol" class="popup">お酒</span>を<em><span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲まされる</span></em><span title="こと - event, matter" class="popup">こと</span>が<span title="おおい - many" class="popup">多い</span>。
<br />- In Japan, the event of <em>being made to drink</em> is numerous.
</p>
<p>
（３）　<span title="あいつ - that guy (colloquial)" class="popup">あいつ</span>に<span title="にじかん - two hours" class="popup">二時間</span>も<em><span title="まつ - to wait" class="popup">待たされた</span></em>。
<br />- I <em>was made to wait</em> 2 hours by that guy.
</p>

<div class="botmenu">
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="15">
  <tr>
    <td><a href="specialexp.html">← Previous (Special Expressions)</a></td>
    <td><a href="index.html#contents">Table of Contents</a></td>
    <td><a href="honorhum.html">Next (Honorific and Humble) →</a></td>
  </tr>
</table>
</div>

<br />
<div class="footer">
<!-- Creative Commons License -->
<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" border="0" src="http://creativecommons.org/images/public/somerights20.gif" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/">Creative Commons License</a>.
<!-- /Creative Commons License -->


<!--

<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://web.resource.org/cc/"
    xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
    xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<Work rdf:about="">
   <dc:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text" />
   <license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" />
</Work>

<License rdf:about="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/">
   <permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Reproduction" />
   <permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Distribution" />
   <requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Notice" />
   <requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Attribution" />
   <prohibits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/CommercialUse" />
   <permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/DerivativeWorks" />
   <requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/ShareAlike" />
</License>

</rdf:RDF>

-->
<p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2003-2007 Tae Kim (taekim.japanese AT gmail.com)</p>
<p>
<a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/forum/viewforum.php?id=18">Report a correction or suggestion for this page</a>
</p>
</div>

<div class="small" style="text-align:right;"><pre>This page has last been revised on 2006/1/28
Minor typos and conjugation example （食べさせられる） fixed (2005/3/31)
Added shorter causative alternative for completeness (2006/1/28)
</pre>
</div>

</body>
</html>
